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Articles
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Séminaire PMMH - Karen Mulleners (EPFL)
3 maiVendredi 3 mai de 11h00 à 12h00 - Salle réunion PMMH 1Getting smarter overnight : how automated experiments help unwind unsteady vortex-dominated flows
Abstract : Typical unsteady vortex-dominated flows like those involved in bio-inspired propulsion, unsteady airfoil separation, and vortex-induced vibrations can be prohibitively expensive to simulate and impossible to measure comprehensively. They are inherently non-linear, often involve moving boundaries, high-dimensional parameter spaces, and multiscale flow structures. The classical way to get around these challenges has been to reduce the experimental complexity by using canonical motions (e.g. ramp-up or sinusoidally pitching motions) or simplified unsteady inflow conditions (e.g. one-minus-cosine or trapezoidal gust shapes). In our lab, we design automated experiments that can run continuously and autonomously such that we can explore and exploit higher-dimensional parameter spaces that cover more realistic and technically relevant unsteady conditions compared to what is traditionally feasible when conducting supervised canonical motion experiments. This approach give us the ability to derive more robust and generalizable models and control solutions while still discovering rare and extreme events. Our recent experiments allowed us to uncover flapping wing kinematics that maximize lift and efficiency, to optimize blade pitching kinematics that improve the power production of vertical axis wind turbines, and to gain insight into the influence of morphology on the forces of thin flexible objects. Once the experiments are started, the experimentalists' input is minimized while the potential for scientific discovery is maximized.
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Séminaire PMMH - Louis-Alexandre Couston (ENS Lyon)
2 maiVendredi 17 mai de 11h00 à 12h00 - Salle réunion PMMH 1What we know and don't know about the ocean circulation and ice melting around Antarctica
The Antarctic ice sheet is losing mass increasingly rapidly and could
contribute several tens of centimetres of sea-level rise by 2100. In
this presentation I will review our understanding of the southern ocean
circulation, which (we know) is controlling ice melting around
Antarctica and driving the retreat of the ice sheet. I will describe the
ocean dynamics at both large and small scales. Notably, I will explain
why the ocean circulation below ice shelves (floating extensions of the
ice sheet, hundreds of kilometres long) may tip from cold to warm
conditions abruptly. Then, I will review the different (turbulent)
regimes of ice-ocean boundary layers (only few meters thick), which
control heat exchanges between warm deep-water masses and the overlying
ice shelves and icebergs. Throughout the presentation I will highlight
knowledge gaps and discuss recent works from our group, including
laboratory experiments and turbulence-resolving phase change
simulations, aiming to improve our understanding and modelling
capabilities of ocean flows around Antarctica. -
Séminaire PMMH - Avin Babataheri (Ladhyx)
27 avrilVendredi 20 septembre de 11h00 à 12h00 - Salle réunion PMMH 11D confinement controls cell shape and migration
Pericytes are mural cells of the microvasculature, they wrap around small vessels, support the vessels mechanically and participate in blood flow regulation.
Pericytes are distinguished by two main characteristics ; first their distinct morphology, which has been likened to a “bump on a log”, as they present long processes spanning along the axis of the vessels they adhere to, and a protruding soma that houses the nucleus. The second characteristic is their distribution along the microvascular tree in a cellular chain where each cell occupies its own territory. This spatial distribution is established by cell migration during the embryonic stage and maintained through controlled motility in the adult.
Because of their position in the microvascular tree, pericytes experience extreme lateral and longitudinal confinement, we hypothesize that the confinement impacts their morphology. Although pericyte shape is key for their function during vascular regulation, the manner in which pericyte morphology is associated with migration and function remains unknown.
In this project, we use micropatterns to mimic pericyte adhesion to microvessels, we show that lateral confinement controls cell shape and produces in vivo-like phenotypes. We study pericyte migration on both laterally confining lanes, and longitudinally constraining motifs and propose a model that describes their kinetics as a stochastic motion with dry friction.
In vivo pericytes can bridge nearby capillaries, we show that in vitro pericytes are also capable of crossing gaps of different sizes. The percentage of crossings is correctly predicted by the likelihood of a fluctuating system to overcome an energy barrier. Our joint experimental and theoretical approach demonstrates the effect of in vivo-like geometrical confinement on pericyte morphology and migration.
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Séminaire PMMH - Sara Puijalon (LEHNA – CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)
26 avrilVendredi 26 avril de 11h00 à 12h00 - Salle réunion PMMH 1Interactions between submerged aquatic vegetation and flow : applications of ecohydraulics and biomechanics to ecological questions
Interactions between submerged aquatic vegetation and flow in rivers and streams are complex. Flowing water induces hydrodynamic stress on aquatic plants colonizing these habitats, which can, in some cases, cause mechanical failures such as breakage and uprooting. Additionally, aquatic plant beds have a significant impact on their physical habitat by deflecting flow and modifying water velocity and turbulence. This talk will present research on the interactions between aquatic vegetation and flow. It will cover hydrodynamic and biomechanical responses of plants to flow, at both the individual plant and patch scale. It will also present how aquatic vegetation modifies flow conditions and contributes to the functioning of flowing ecosystems.
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Séminaire PMMH - Sara Puijalon (LEHNA – CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)
26 avrilVendredi 26 avril de 11h00 à 12h00 - Salle réunion PMMH 1Interactions between submerged aquatic vegetation and flow : applications of ecohydraulics and biomechanics to ecological questions
Interactions between submerged aquatic vegetation and flow in rivers and streams are complex. Flowing water induces hydrodynamic stress on aquatic plants colonizing these habitats, which can, in some cases, cause mechanical failures such as breakage and uprooting. Additionally, aquatic plant beds have a significant impact on their physical habitat by deflecting flow and modifying water velocity and turbulence. This talk will present research on the interactions between aquatic vegetation and flow. It will cover hydrodynamic and biomechanical responses of plants to flow, at both the individual plant and patch scale. It will also present how aquatic vegetation modifies flow conditions and contributes to the functioning of flowing ecosystems.